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In this article, I will assume that the reader already knows when to use the Spanish present perfect tense. Therefore, the focus of this article is how to conjugate this tense and how to conjugate it with ease. Let’s examine how -ar verbs are conjugated in the present perfect tense:

Practicar (To Practice)

Past Participle: Practicado (Practiced)

Yo he practicado (I have practiced)

tú has practicado (you have practiced)

él ha practicado (he has practiced)

ella ha practicado (she has practiced)

usted ha practicado (you have practiced)

nosotros hemos practicado (we have practiced)

ellos han practicado (they have practiced)

ellas han practicado (they have practiced)

ustedes han practicado (you have practiced)

Now let’s try a phrase or two with this verb:

Pamela ha practicado las letras.

(Pamela has practiced the lyrics.)

Hector ha practicado la natación por mucho tiempo.

(Hector has practiced swimming for a long time.)

Keep in mind, that in the Spanish language, as in the English language, the auxiliary verb haber (to have) must always precede the past participle of the verb. It is important to note that -er and -ir verbs take on a similar pattern when they are conjugated.

Recojer (to pick up)

Past Particple: Recogido (picked up)

Yo he recogido (I have picked up)

tú has recogido (you have picked up)

él ha recogido (he has picked up)

ella ha recogido (she has picked up)

usted ha recogido (you have picked up)

nosotros hemos recogido (we have picked up)

ellos han recogido (they have picked up)

ellas han recogido (they have picked up)

ustedes han recogido (you have picked up)

The student should also be aware that in addition to “to pick up,” this verb can also mean “to collect,” “to gather,” and “to pick.” Here is an example using the verb recojer:

Ella no ha recogido las muñecas del piso.

(She hasn´t picked up the dolls from the floor.)

Here´s an example using the -ir verb “discutir” which means “to discuss,” “to debate,” or “to argue.”

Discutir (to argue, debate, discuss)

Past Participle: (argued, debated, discussed)

Yo he discutido (I have argued)

tú has discutido (you have argued)

él ha discutido (he has argued)

ella ha discutido (she has argued)

usted ha discutido (you have argued)

nosotros hemos discutido (we have argued)

ellos han discutido (they have argued)

ellas han discutido (they have argued)

ustedes han discutido (you have argued)

Here´s an example using “discutir”:

Bobbito no ha discutido con su hermana hoy.

(Little Bobby hasn´t argued with his sister today.)

Design Presentation Folders for the Long Term

Professionally designed presentation folders offer a unique advantage over many other forms of advertisement because, often, customers or clients keep them and use them over and over again, which keeps your company name out there, reaching farther and wider audiences than you initially planned for.

Choose Quality Presentation folders

For most forms of print advertising, such as business cards, postcards, brochures, and the like, you can shop around and often, get by with the most affordable price and no one will know the difference. However, presentation folders need to be not only attractive, but strong and sturdy as well, even if you don’t put much in them. Let me illustrate: Recently, a friend of mine began house hunting. She initially looked at a mobile home park but then changed her mind and decided to stick with traditional housing. Everywhere she goes, she takes the presentation folder from the first place she looked – the mobile home park. Just the other day, over lunch, she was showing me listings she had printed from the Internet and had organized in her presentation folder. Even though the mobile home park did not get her business, they have no idea how much free advertising they’re gaining because of my friend.

I’ve done it myself. I’ve used presentation folders that I’ve received from job training sessions for years afterwards to keep papers organized. There are countless uses for these little gems and if your logo and business name is affixed prominently on the outside, your advertising budget may not take quite as big a punch when you consider the long-term effects of the folders.

Design With the Eco Conscious in Mind

There’s a growing segment of the population that will reuse almost anything until there’s nothing left of it simply to prevent as much trash as possible from ending up in the landfills. This group reuses aluminum foil, envelopes, and makes scratch pads out of used calendar pages. People used to laugh at them but as more of the country and more products become environmentally friendly, fewer people laugh. That means more people are reusing presentation folders instead of throwing them away. That means more people will see your company name and while it may not cause a rush of business, it will serve as another avenue to keep your name in the minds of the public.

Keep this in mind next time you order presentation folders for a team meeting or to present to clients. Chances are, many more people will see them than you originally thought.

As a small business startup or current owner, learning negotiating skills is very important. Believe it or not, there are literally thousands of negotiations that can affect your business and your bottom line. These can be items as simple as getting a discount for your business cards or as complicated as a facility lease. It might be negotiating pay plans with employees or payment terms with a supplier.

The bottom line is most schools do not teach the art of negotiating. And believe me, it is an art, a talent, a skill! For some small business owners it comes naturally. For most of us, learning the art of negotiations comes through necessity, effort, and experience.

Here are 15 techniques that you might consider as you become a master of negotiating:

1. Always leave some money on the table.
2. Never compromise on your principles.
3. Try to judge what’s fair from the other side’s point of view.
4. Write down your goals and scenarios before every negotiation.
5. Ask questions.
6. Information is power.
7. Discuss only broad terms and conditions on the onset.
8. Whenever possible, let the other person make the first offer.
9. If you must make the first offer, make it high.
10. Always encourage the other party that we are making a deal.
11. Always come down very slowly if you are selling, and up very slowly if you are buying.
12. Never give up a concession without getting one in return.
13. Never lose track of how many concessions you have given up.
14. Be skeptical about deadlines. Most are negotiable.
15. Never let an issue be discussed unless you are prepared. Sleep on it.

The next time you are in a position of give and take, you are in negotiation. As a small business owner, this can happen more frequently than not. Most of the time there will be no clear winner but rather some manner of satisfaction on both sides. When this results, your negotiations have probably been successful. The important thing is to understand that the skill of negotiating is a learning process. The four Ps of negotiating: plan, patience, persistence, and practice are crucial to developing strong alliances and relationships that can continue in the future.

Think about these 15 principles and watch as you get the discount, free rent, the next sale, or extended payment terms. Then get ready to move on to the next negotiation, because there is always another one right around the corner.